|
Table 2. General routine actions taken after detecting
some of the most important phytosanitary problem found in oil palm
plantations in Costa Rica
| Problem
| Agent/cause
| Action taken
|
| Eradication
| Pesticide treatment
| Trapping
| Others
| References
|
| Diseases |
| Red ring |
Bursaphelenchus cocophilus |
yes |
Herbicide to eradicate the affected palm, insecticide in
traps for the vector |
Yes |
IPM, phytosanitary law enforcement |
3,4,5,6,8, 11, 22 |
| Basal wet rot |
Erwinia sp.? |
yes |
No |
No |
Improving soil aeration |
7, 27 |
| Charcoal basal rot |
Ustulina deusta |
yes |
To protect cuts of felled palm |
No |
Improvement of agronomic practices |
4, 9, 27, 28 |
| Basal steam rot |
Ganoderma sp. |
yes |
To protect cuts of felled palm |
No |
Improvement of agronomic practices |
4, 27 |
| Antracnose (nursery0 |
Collectrotrichium gloesporioides |
No |
Selected fungicides |
No |
Balanced fertilization, wider spacing, water management |
23, 27 |
| Pests |
| America palm weevil |
Rhynchophorus palmarum |
Rarely |
Yes (in traps) |
Yes |
IPM, phytosanitary law enforcement |
6, 8, 11, 15, 21, 22 |
| |
Opsiphanes cassina |
No |
Yes (when neccesary) |
Yes |
IPM |
7, 13, 16, 17, 24 |
| Bag worn |
Oiketicus kirbyi |
No |
Yes (when neccesary) |
Yes |
IPM |
17, 18, 25, 26 |
| Physiological disorders |
| Dry spear rot |
Specific causes unknowna |
No |
With surgery |
Yesb |
Balanced nutrition, proper water management, good soil
aeration |
10, 14 |
| Crown disease/ Common spear rot |
Specific causes unknowna |
No |
Ocasionally: with surgery |
Yesb |
Balanced nutrition, proper water management, good soil
aeration |
1, 2, 10, 19, 20 |
|
|
a. Associated with adverse growing
conditions: decline-type condition
b. Trapping of palm weevils prevents the attack to the affected plant
c. 1: Alvarado et al., 1977; 2: Blair, 1970; 3: Bulgarelli et al., 1998;
4: Chinchilla and Richardson, 1988; 5: Chinchilla, 1991; 6: Chinchilla
and Oehlschlager, 1992; 7: Chinchilla, 1993; 8: Chinchilla et al., 1995;
9: Chinchilla and Durán, 1998; 10: Chinchilla and Durán, 1999; 11: de
Franqueville and Renard, 1990; 12: Kovachich, 1957; 13: Loría et al.,
2000; 14: McKenzie, 1977; 15: Mexzón et al., 1994; 16: Mexzón and
Chinchilla, 1996; 17: Mexzón and Chinchilla, 1999; 18: Mexzón et al.,
2003; 19: Monge et al., 1993; 20: Monge et al., 1994; 21: Oehlschlager
et al., 1993; 22: Ohlschlager et al., 2002; 23: Renard and Quillec,
1979; 24: Rhainds et al., 1993; 25: Rhainds et al., 1994; 26: Rhainds et
al., 1996; 27: Turner, 1981; 28: Umaña and Chinchilla, 1991. |